Search for: All records

This paper presents a study of the global medium‐scale (scales620 km) gravity wave (GW) activity (in terms of zonal wind variance) and its seasonal, local time, and longitudinal variations by employing the enhanced‐resolution (50 km) whole atmosphere model (WAMT254) and space‐based observations for geomagnetically quiet conditions. It is found that the GW hotspots produced by WAMT254 in the troposphere and stratosphere agree well with previously well‐studied orographic and nonorographic sources. In the ionosphere‐thermosphere (IT) region, GWs spread out forming latitudinal band‐like hotspots. During solstices, a primary maximum in GW activity is observed in WAMT254 and GOCE over winter mid‐high latitudes, likely associated with higher‐order waves with primary sources in polar night jet, fronts, and polar vortex. During all the seasons, the enhancement of GWs around the geomagnetic poles as observed by GOCE (at 250 km) is well captured by simulations. WAMT254 GWs in the IT region also show dependence on local time due to their interaction with migrating tides leading to diurnal and semidiurnal variations. The GWs are more likely to propagate up from the MLT region during westward/weakly eastward phase of thermospheric tides, signifying the dominance of eastward GW momentum flux in the MLT. Additionally, as a novel finding, a wavenumber‐4 signature in GW activity is predicted by WAMT254 between 6 and 12 local times in the tropics at 250 km, which propagates eastward with local time. This behavior is likely associated with the modulation of GWs by wave‐4 signal of nonmigrating tides in the lower thermospheric zonal winds. 

Abstract Long‐term efforts have sought to extend global model resolution to smaller scales enabling more accurate descriptions of gravity wave (GW) sources and responses, given their major roles in coupling and variability throughout the atmosphere. Such studies reveal significant improvements accompanying increasing resolution, but no guidance on what is sufficient to approximate reality. We take the opposite approach, using a finite‐volume model solving the Navier‐Stokes equations exactly. The reference simulation addresses mountain wave (MW) generation and responses over the Southern Andes described using isotropic 500 m, central resolution by Fritts et al. (2021),https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-20-0207.1and Lund et al. (2020),https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-19-0356.1. Reductions of horizontal resolution to 1 and 2 km result in (a) systematic increases in initial MW breaking altitudes, (b) weaker, larger‐scale generation of secondary GWs and acoustic waves accompanying these dynamics, and (c) significantly weaker and less extended responses in the mesosphere in latitude and longitude. Horizontal resolution of 4 km largely suppresses instabilities, but allows weak, sustained mean‐flow interactions. Responses for 8 km resolution are very weak and fail to capture any aspects of the high‐resolution responses. The chosen mean winds allow efficient MW penetration into the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, hence only exhibit strong pseudo‐momentum deposition and mean wind decelerations at higher altitudes. A companion paper by Fritts et al. (2022),https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD036035explores the impacts of decreasing resolution on responses in the thermosphere.